NAP-XPS is a less traditional form of XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), it allows samples to be analysed at relatively high pressures, for example, at greater than 2500 Pa. By using the NAP-XPS, the XPS can effectively probe moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials or even polymeric materials that outgas significantly. XPS and UPS (ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy) are used to analyse the surface chemistry of a material. XPS spectra are obtained by illuminating the sample surface with monochromatic x-rays and eventually measuring the photo emitted electrons. With XPS, the elemental composition and the chemical state of the detected elements can be determined quantitatively in the surface region with an information depth of up to 10nm. Many NAP-XPS system designs allow for investigations of a large variety of different samples, including insulating samples, gases, liquids and their interfaces that are not accessible through the standard
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